Research Interests & Group

Integrated Nanodevices and Nanosystems Research (Inano)

Prof. Saif Islam’s nanotechnology research focuses on the synthesis and incorporation of low-dimensional and nanostructured materials and devices with conventional semiconductor integrated circuit (IC) elements and systems. Unlike the research-based approach of sequentially processing individual nanostructures for device physics studies, his group employs massively parallel and mass-manufacturable nanofabrication processes to reproducibly fabricate low-cost nanodevice arrays for applications in integrated nanoelectronics, ultra-fast optoelectronic, data communication, quantum sensing, computing, energy harvesting, disease sensing and prevention, and energy storage.

Inano’s Research Currently Focuses on

CMOS compatible nanoscale silicon, and III-V semiconductor based sensors and detectors for high bit rate data communication, telecommunication and quantum communication;
Imaging and sensing of faint signals of light, chemicals, bio-agents, pathogens and disease;
Novel transistors, memory, storage devices and systems based on group IV and and wide bandgap semiconductors for normal and extreme environments;
Cost-effective energy harvesting technologies with ultra-high efficiency.

Research Tracks: Key Areas
Semiconductor nanotechnology
Microelectronics manufacturing
Ultrafast optoelectronics for 6G networks
Ultrafast quantum detectors and sensors
AI hardware for imaging, sensing, and disease diagnostics
Wide bandgap semiconductor devices for harsh environments
Charged particle-based sensors and transistors, Photovoltaics
Energy conversion technologies

Inano focuses on breakthrough innovations in the data communication, imaging and quantum sensing systems.

1. Photon-trapping Slow-light Devices and Systems for Data and Telecom, Quantum Sensing and Solar Energy Harvesting

Ultra-fast silicon (Si) photonics, high bit-rate data and telecommunication links, nano-optoelectronics
Ultra-wideband and ultra-fast photodetectors/sensors with near unity efficiency
Single photon detectors and communication links, low-light detection for LIDAR and bio-sensing, quantum communication links
Spectrally, temporally, and spatially resolved fluorescence lifetime imaging of biomolecules
Computational imaging system-on-a-chip, spectrometer-on-a-chip
Visible and infrared sensors (λ = 0.8-12 μm) for imaging/sensing in security, healthcare and agriculture
Photon trapping in III-V materials/devices for extreme bandwidth (THz) and with extreme efficiency
Energy harvesting with extreme efficiency via photon-trapping
Metamaterials based photonic systems

Nanosensors for ultra-selective and highly sensitive sensing for the IoTs era and future communication networks.

2. Nanosensors, Sensor Networks and Internet of Things (IoTs)

Novel chemical and biological sensors, sensors for inorganic-bio interfaces
Charged particles enabled sensors, transistors
Nano-bridges, nanowire, and nanodot based sensors

Dr. Islam has developed two novel nano-device integration and mass-production techniques termed ‘nano-bridges‘ and ‘nano-colonnades‘ that are compatible with existing microelectronics fabrication processes. Inano develops massively parallel synthesis and integration processes for 0D and 1D nano-structures (such as semiconductors, metals, oxide, molecules etc.) for potential applications in nanoscale electronics, photonics, energy conversion, high density energy storage, bio-chemical sensors, memory, logic, MEMS/NEMS devices, 3D device/chip integration, substrate-less devices and circuit fabrication.

Harsh environment sensors that can combine MEMS and solid-state sensors along with ASICs, beta-/alpha-voltaics and telemetry

3. Wide Bandgap Semiconductor for Sensors, Devices and Systems

Sensors, transistors and memory for extreme environments (extreme temperature, radiation, pressure, corrosion, vibration etc.)
Powering devices (beta/alpha-voltaics) operating in extreme conditions
MEMS/NEMS devices

Industrial sectors showing one of the extreme operating conditions (temperature) vs. increasing system complexities. Current silicon based sensing systems can operate at a max temperature of ~200°C

Sensors for Extreme Systems: A wide range of economic and security challenges in industry require components that operate in harsh environments, such as those found on terrestrial oil and ore extraction equipment (temperature and pressure), in vehicle engines including planes and spacecrafts (temperature and radiation), inside nuclear power plants (radiation), and industrial processing plants (corrosives). Integrated sensors that are capable of operating in extreme conditions, exhibiting exceptional thermal and chemical stability, high electrical endurance (e.g., breakdown voltage, electromagnetic shielding to survive in solar flares), very high oscillation frequency, and extraordinary reliability. These characteristics offer the potentials to design future-generation integrated systems that will allow sensors and electronics to operate in situations never before possible, thereby increasing the safety, precision, and efficiency of many machines and operating systems [Ga2O3, Wide Bandgap].

Bottom-up nanowires enable novel transistors and sensors

4. Nano-integrations, Nanomanufacturing, Nanoepitaxy

Synthesis and device applications of semiconductor and oxide nanowires, nano-bridges, and nanostructures for electronics, photonics, energy conversion, energy storage
Transistors, memory, sensors, and powering devices (batteries) enabled by the emerging nanomaterials and applications in nano-bio systems
3D device/chip integration, substrate-less devices, and circuit fabrication
Self-assembly, molecular electronic devices, memristors, fundamental forces in nanodevices

Materials Systems Used: Silicon (Si), Ge, GaAs, InP, GaP, ZnO, Ga2O3, GaN, diamond, PbSe, HgCdTe

1. Light Bending and Trapping Enables Slow-Light Optoelectronics (Sensors, detectors and solar cells):

(a) Schematic diagram comparing light propagation in a thin film with integrated hole arrays and a thick semiconductor without holes. Optical interaction is enhanced by near perpendicular light bending [1-3]. The effective absorption coefficient of a slab with hole arrays becomes much larger than the bulk absorption coefficient due to the enhanced optical path. (b) Absorption length of GaP, Si and photon-trapping Si, which enables identical absorption with ~13-fold reduced thickness.

We recently demonstrated the conversion of vertically oriented light waves into an ensemble of laterally oriented collective guided modes in semiconductor thin films by integrating a 2D periodic array of nanoscale holes [1, News & Views]. Such light-bending and slowly propagating light enhance photon material interaction and dramatically increases the light absorption capabilities of semiconductors that are weak in absorption characteristics. We demonstrated silicon and germanium-based photodetectors with an order of magnitude higher quantum efficiency (QE) and bandwidth (>50 gigabit per second transmission rate with more than 60% external QE) [2-6].

1a. Highly-sensitive and Ultra-fast Detection for Optical Interconnects

A 24 percent compound annual growth rate is estimated for global internet protocol (IP) traffic from 2016 to 2021 with a data volume of 3.3 ZB per year. The massive traffic growth is due to the next generation of wireless networks, the emergence of new cloud-computing systems, Internet of Things (IoT), and worldwide online multimedia streaming services. To handle the explosive internet traffic load, data centers are expanding rapidly with new architectures handling higher traffic volumes relative to the Internet. The amount of annual global data centers traffic in 2018 is estimated to be 11.6 ZB and by 2021 will reach 20.6 ZB, with 70% of this traffic residing within the data center. Current and future data centers are widely using low-cost and energy efficient optical interconnects. Currently, low cost, broadband, and energy efficient optical interconnects based on vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) and III-V materials enabled PIN (positive-intrinsic-negative) photodiodes (PDs) are widely used technologies in the high-speed optical short-reach links (<300 m) in data centers.

SEM and optical micrographs of a Si PD with integrated micro and nanoscale holes and a high-speed coplanar waveguide (CPW) demonstrated by our group. Light bending mechanism is shown with a schematic diagram. The high-speed performance evaluation of the device in a full optical link shows that the PDs can be operational up to 25Gb/s (NRZ) without equalization. However, using an optimized 2-tap pre/de-emphasis FFE, these PDs high-speed performance can reach up to 100Gb/s (PAM-4). Link equalized eye diagrams with 2-tap pre/de-emphasis FFE at 50Gb/s with 0.81 eye opening and at 100Gb/s (PAM-4) with 0.56 eye opening.

In general, column III-V (such as GaAs or In_x Ga_1-x As) photodiodes and CMOS or SiGe amplifiers are designed and fabricated separately. Using an optimized wire bonding process, the devices are packaged together after fabrication. This method is challenging for large-scale production, and it is complicated and expensive to be used for connecting an array of photodiodes to an array of amplifiers. Moreover, undesirable packaging parasitic (such as inductance and capacitance) degrade the high-speed device performance and cause electrical crosstalk between channels. Thus, an ultra-fast silicon PD with high efficiency is very important to overcome the challenges of cost, complexity of integration and mass production.

Our group recently demonstrates a silicon-based surface-illuminated CMOS compatible broadband photodiode with ≤30 picosecond full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) and high quantum efficiency at 850nm by using photon-trapping micro/nano-structures, as shown in the above Figure [1-5]. The absorption efficiency of a 2µm thin intrinsic Si layer was augmented by more than an order of magnitude and this led to more than 50% external quantum efficiency (EQE). This is the fastest reported response for a Si photodiode with such high quantum efficiency at these wavelengths. The hole array in the PD supports a set of laterally propagating slow modes that can contribute to considerably higher absorption in the PDs [1]. In these novel devices, a successful conversion of an initial incident vertical plane waves to an ensemble of lateral collective modes is realized in a 2D periodic array of holes. Strong lateral modes propagating deep into i-region enable the absorption of wide range of the wavelength and contributes to above 80% absorption. Since a PD has a much larger lateral size than its vertical thickness, lateral waves are almost completely absorbed and as a result, electron-hole pairs are efficiently generated. These generated carriers drift quickly under the strong vertical electric field in the device and create a high-speed current output.

Ultrafast Si photodiodes are being tested on an RF probe station

We are now focusing on developing monolithically integrated CMOS receiver for applications in short reach optical data links [5]. While designing an integrated received using foundry services, based on the measured impulse response data of the PDs, the group simulated the eye-diagrams at 50Gb/s and 100Gb/s using their PD in computer simulations. A 1000 bits random pattern has been simulated with extinction ratio (ER)=3-dB (similar to IEEE 802.3bm) and convolved with the PD impulse response (shown in the Figure above) for these PDs. To simulate the effects of trans-impedance amplifier (TIA), the PD output is applied to a third order Butterworth filter with 3-dB bandwidth equal 0.6*Bit Rate [6]. To improve the device bandwidth, a 2-tap feed-forward pre/de-emphasis equalizers is designed and optimized in the modeling. The results (see above Figures) for 50Gb/s and 100Gb/s show that these novel highly efficient Si-based PDs have the potential to be operational up to 100Gb/s with a well-designed 2-tap pre/de-emphasis equalizers. This is more than an order of magnitude improvement for a broadband and highly efficient Si photodiode. It is anticipated that such improvement in the performance of Si PDs can contribute to dramatic cost saving in transceivers that are expected to be widely used in data center communication.

Collaborators: UCSC, NASA, US Army Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate and W&W Sens

References: [1 News & Views] [2] [3a 3b] [4] [5] [6]

1b. High-Performance Infrared Detectors

Infrared detector applications: Rapidly growing demand for applications such as tablets, smart TVs and smartphone and security at commercial environments such as offices, hotels, airports, and hospitals plus the use of night vision ability in military applications are the major factors driving the IR detectors market based application. Additionally, IR imaging applications in medicine like IR thermography in neonatal thermoregulation, SWIR imaging of peripheral blood perfusion and blood vessels, MWIR and LWIR in stress imaging, emotional classification, monitoring of temperature related physiology, and medical thermal image analysis have gained much attention. The IR thermography as a non-invasive technology has also gained a lot of interest in agriculture, construction, manufacturing and pharmaceutical industries for fault detection and to check the quality of an object [1-3].

Infrared (IR) detectors by type (Thermal IR Detector and IR Photodetector), by technology (Cooled IR Detector Technology and Uncooled IR Detector Technology), by Wavelength (Short Wave Infrared- SWIR (1.4µm – 3µm), Mid Wave Infrared-MWIR (3µm – 8µm), and Long Wave Infrared- LWIR (8µm – 15µm)) have attained a huge interest for applications in the medical, scientific, security, military, industrial, and automotive areas.

The IR imaging applications in medicine like IR thermography in neonatal thermoregulation, SWIR imaging of peripheral blood perfusion and blood vessels, MWIR and LWIR in stress imaging, emotional classification, monitoring of temperature related physiology, and medical thermal image analysis have gained much attention [1]. The IR imaging applications like IR thermography as a non-invasive technology has also gained a lot of interest in agriculture, construction, manufacturing and pharmaceutical industries for fault detection and to check the quality of an object [2].

Absorption spectra of HgCdTe films with nanostructure holes for confined lateral modes in thin layer for high absorption. FDTD simulations in Figures 2a and 2b showing absorption in HgCdTe with a thickness of 1.2µm in mid and long wave infrareds, respectively. With embedding arrays of photon trapping holes in HgCdTe films, a significant optical absorption enhancement up to 80% at 4.5μm (Figure a) and 40% at 10 µm (Figure b) have been achieved, which are more than 5.5 and 4 times higher compare to 1.2μm flat HgCdTe without holes, respectively. The HgCdTe device filling fractions reduced to ~50% due to the presence of hole arrays, which can lead to a significant reduction in dark current of the device, ensuring HOT operation of the IR detectors.

Additionally, the increasing demand from consumer electronics applications such as tablets, smart TVs and smartphone and for security at commercial environments such as offices, hotels, airports, and hospitals plus the use of night vision ability in military and security applications are the important factors driving the IR detectors market growth. The most increasing demand is especially for use of uncooled IR technology in remote sensing, IOT and hyperspectral imaging [3].

However, the performance of IR detectors still limits to the dark current characteristics and associated noise behavior. The detectivity of IR detectors strongly depends on the operating temperature of the device, and the current IR detectors need to be cooled down even to 77K for having a low dark current. By significant reduction in dark current of IR detectors using novel device designs, they will be able to operate at sufficiently high operating temperatures (HOT) whereby their cooling systems are no longer required, providing for a reduction in cooler size, weight and power as well as overall product cost, and consequently extending their applications.

In this research, we aim at reducing the noise caused by the dark current to ensure HOT operation of the IR detectors and improve the detector quantum efficiency (QE), by using a thin absorption layer of IR absorbing materials such as mercury cadmium telluride (HgCdTe), Indium Gallium Arsenide (InGaAs) and lead selenide (PbSe). A photon bending and trapping mechanism based on integrated micro/nanoscale structures is employed to ensure high QE despite a thin absorbing layer. For instance, our research demonstrates that embedding periodic array of photon-trapping micro-holes in very thin 1.2 µm HgCdTe IR films can enhance the optical absorptions up to 80% (Figure a) and 40% (Figure b) at mid- and long-wave infrareds, respectively, which are several times higher than that in HgCdTe films without holes (flat device). The embedded periodic array of photon-trapping micro-holes not only enhances the optical absorption in IR structures but also can provide a method to reduce the material filling ratio to ~ 50%, which will lead to a significant reduction in dark current of the device, ensuring HOT operation of the IR detectors for applications in LIDAR, remote sensing and hyperspectral imaging.

Collaborators: US Army Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate and Army Research Laboratory.

[1] Review of Biomedical Applications of Contactless Imaging of Neonates Using Infrared Thermography and Beyond. Methods Protoc. 2018, 1, 39. [2] Intelligent fault diagnosis of rotating machinery using infrared thermal image. Expert Systems with Applications 39.2 (2012): 2082-2091. [3] Recent progress in infrared detector technologies. Infrared Physics & Technology 54.3 (2011): 136-154.

1c. Single Photon Quantum Detectors for Extremely Low-light Detection, Communication and LIDAR

Detecting extreme levels of light is extremely critical for obtaining (i) Long range and eye safety, Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) systems used for autonomous cars and robotics, (ii) Extremely secure quantum communications and (iii) high resolution biomedical imaging. Single Photon Avalanche Photodetectors (SPADs) can detect extremely low levels of light since carriers generated by photon absorption undergo avalanche gain, triggering a macroscopic breakdown of the diode junction. These single photon detectors can operate at room temperature and can be fabricated in a typical silicon CMOS fabrication process, making them the most attractive photodetectors for commercial applications.

We are developing extremely sensitive SPADs incorporating photon-trapping microstructures on their surface that can bend a beam of light at 90 degrees and will allow its propagation laterally, increasing their Probability of Detection of small number of photons. This lateral propagation is exploited to enhance the Photon Detection Efficiency (PDE) of SPADs at wavelengths from the visible (400-700nm) to the Infrared (800 to 1100nm) part of the spectrum, by a direct improvement of its External Quantum Efficiency. These devices also present lower breakdown voltage (30V) compared with a regular silicon SPAD (34V), and can achieve an incredible 1000x of Gain Multiplication, all of this without degrading the bandwidth (or time response). Such SPADs promise high PDE, low jitter time and low dark count rate due to the lower excess voltage required for its operation. 1d. Solar Energy Conversion and Storage Devices (Batteries): Our work on photovoltaic devices addresses the solar-grade semiconductor scarcity (silicon and other materials) and the cost of manufacturing PV devices and panels. To this end, we fabricate devices in the shape of vertically oriented micro/nano-pillars and ridges/walls and transfer-print them to low cost, flexible and amorphous surfaces using a mass-manufacturable polymer assisted shear-fracturing process at ambient condition. This allows us to improve the efficiency and lower the costs, since the original epitaxial wafers can be repeatedly used for generating more devices. We believe that it is wasteful and environmentally detrimental to employ an expensive wafer solely for mechanically supporting a thin layer of devices. Our initial work has already demonstrated the potential of the array transfer process based on our innovative shear fracture method. This was the first demonstration of such an approach that is not dependent on any specific substrate material. The light gathering and trapping function of our micro/nano-pillar shaped devices that resemble ‘antennas’ also offers opportunities for light trapping higher efficiency in photodetectros and imaging sensors. Our group is also pursuing innovative technolgies for energy storage using silicon and similar materials as anodes in Li-ion batteries. Multi-junction Solar Cells with Integrated Photon-trapping Nanostructures: We recently successfully demonstrated the conversion of vertically oriented light waves into an ensemble of laterally oriented collective guided modes in semiconductor thin films by integrating a 2D periodic array of nanoscale holes [Nature Photonics, 2017]. Such light-bending and slowly propagating lateral modes enhance photon material interaction and dramatically increases the light absorption capabilities of semiconductors that are weak in absorption characteristics. We demonstrated silicon and germanium-based photodetectors [Photonics Research 2018] with an order of magnitude higher quantum efficiency (QE) and bandwidth (>50 gigabit per second transmission rate with more than 60% external QE).

Schematic diagram comparing light propagation in (a) a thick semiconductor slab without holes and (b) a thin slab with photo-trapping nanohole arrays that shows enhanced optical interactions by near perpendicular light bending and guiding. (c) Measured efficiency vs wavelengths for Si PVs showing 6x to 10x increased absorption with photon trapping holes. Inset: Nanoholes on Si. (d) Schematics of GaP/Si tandem solar cell with a photon-trapping GaP cell on a Si cell and (e) on an SOI substrate. (e) FDTD simulations showing absorption in Si, GaP and combined GaP/Si PV with photon-trapping holes. (f) Simulations comparing the absorptions in tandem flat GaP/Si PV without hole, and GaP/Si PV with photon-trapping holes.

Our group aims to demonstrate highly efficient multi-junction photovoltaic (PV) devices on single crystal Si and other low-cost substrates by designing and fabricating monolithically integrated tandem solar cells. Aperiodic array of micro- and nano-scale holes are employed to bend a vertically oriented beam of light by 90 degrees (See Fig.) and make it propagate horizontally within a thin semiconductor film. This converts the indirect bandgap (BG) optical characteristics of materials (such as GaP, Ge and Si) into direct BG optical properties, allowing the absorption of nearly all the solar irradiance. These phenomena of light bending and trapping, due to prolonged interaction time,allows high broadband optical absorption in a very thin film of semiconductor,as was demonstrated by our group. Based on our preliminary simulations,a design with tandem GaP and Si cells can provide a collective high efficiency > 35% with high V_ocabove 1.7 volts for a solar irradiance of AM1.5 (Fig. e, f).

(a) Silicon micro-nanostructures fabricated by top-down etching process at UCD. Various dimensions of pillars (first row), holes (second row), funnels in hexagonal lattice (third row), funnels in square lattice (fourth row) have been fabricated by DRIE technique. (b) Experimentally measured QE vs wavelengths for nano-textured Si junctions with above 60 %. Between 6 to 10 times increased absorption and resultant QE were observed for a wide spectral range compared to bulk Si with similar thickness (red line at the bottom).

Mechanically Flexible and Highly Efficient Indoor and Outdoor Photovoltaic Cells for Perpetual Powering of IoT sensors: Internet of Things (IoT) devices are going to be all-pervasive and will be to be accessed any time from any place. Successful deployment of IoT devices will need to be autonomous while performing actions such as sensing, data processing and wireless communications. Although a number of solar cells operating outdoor are currently contributing to a fraction of renewable energy generation, their efficiencies, physical shapes, and designs are not suitable for ease of integration with IoT devices and networks. Conventional solar cells are also not suitable for indoor light based power conversion systems as most wavelengths of indoor light are visible while solar irradiation has a significant energy in the infra-red wavelengths. In addition, most outdoor (sun light enabled) solar cells do not offer high efficiency, unless expensive multi-junction and tandem cells are considered. Currently, there are more than 18 billion connected devices and sensors used in personal augmentation, machine automations and monitoring health and infrastructures. By 2020, this number is predicted to reach 50 billion or more. Emerging robots, cars, new homes and smart phones, as they become de-facto standard platforms for many connected devices, are expected to remain connected to thousands of wired or wireless sensors in their surroundings to enable improved safety, efficiency and productivity. To operate these devices, perpetual power sources are important to avoid using short-lived batteries. A high number of these devices perform tasks in very difficult-to-access areas. Both consumable and rechargeable batteries contribute to the higher replacement cost than that of the devices. The chemicals used in the batteries and their manufacturing process also negatively impact our environment. An attractive solution to this issue is to use ambient energy sources to address the growing demand of powering the IoT devices and making them “cable-free” and “no maintenance” for installers, users and owners. Our research focuses on mechanically flexible photovoltaic (PV) cells with a power conversion efficiency >50% for in-door and 35% for outdoor uses, in order to provide serve as long-term power sources for IoT devices and networks. Metamaterials: In order to manipulate the propagation of light, a study is underway on a new class of materials, called “negative index metamaterials (NIM)” that demonstrate unusual electric and magnetic properties not found in nature and offer opportunities for unprecedented functionalities in virtually every area of classical optics and photonics. His group is involved in developing new methods and tools for constructing 3D NIMs using manufacturable nanofabrication techniques and studying nano-structure integrated NIM based theoretical and experimental schemes. Besides device integration, the group is also actively involved in minimizing the losses that are inherent in NIM by exploring various thin film nucleation methods. The overall research activities in NIM are based on exploiting the synergy of nanoepitaxy for eventual monolithic realization of NIM enabled electronics and photonics. Fundamental Forces in Nanotechnology: Quantum electrodynamical (QED) phenomena lead to Casimir force which can be observed when metallic, semiconductor or dielectric surfaces are placed in close proximity (< 100 nm). This opens doors to exciting opportunities, particularly in the field of nanodevices and nanomechanics, such as nanoscale levitation, stiction prevention, and highly responsive sensors. Nanotechnology is capable of fabricating devices with diminishingly small dimension and this force cannot be disregarded any more. Inano studies this and other fundamental physical forces in nanoscale devices for improving old and creating new technologies.

2a. Nanowires Integration for Electronics, Photonics, Sensors, MEMS and NEMS

The fifty-year miniaturization revolution in silicon-based microelectronics is approaching its ultimate, nanometer-scale limits due to the extreme economic and technological barriers facing the traditional approach to fabricating higher density perfect devices. Now it has become increasingly urgent and crucial for scientists to develop alternative nano-materials and devices to enhance or supplant silicon-based devices. At the same time it is widely accepted that photons will replace electrons as a successor technology for communications. Our work covers both of these important areas. We demonstrated a novel bridging technique that addresses the long-standing challenge of integrating semiconductor nanowires in devices and circuits. The technique allows individual electrical access to a large number of nanowire devices without recourse to nanoprobes or tedious and expensive serial interfacing procedures. We also employed the bridging technique to synthesize optically active semiconductor (III-V) nanowires on silicon (or group IV) wafers. This opens exciting opportunities for light emitters and detectors on silicon surfaces for applications in intra-chip and inter-chip optical communications.

Nanoepitaxy: Nanoscale semiconductor structures with two or three of their dimensions at the nanometer scale are rich in fundamental issues and promise revolutionary new device concepts. Homo and heterogeneous synthesis of nanomaterials on lattice-matched and mismatched substrates have revealed a wealth of interesting properties and dramatic enhancements of magnetic, electrical, optical, and other properties. Devices fabricated from these nanoscale structures offer significantly improved photonic and electronic performance and, because of their small footprint, are candidates for device level integration with Si CMOS technology. For example, lattice strain, which strictly limits composition and thickness in 3D and 2D semiconductor heterostructures, can be significantly relaxed at the nanoscale thus permitting a wider range of materials and properties, and in some cases strain can be used as a tool to dictate the lateral dimensions and spatial ordering of epitaxial nanostructures. Furthermore, recently demonstrated branched heterostructures obtained by controlled surface nucleation can lead to novel interconnect and device concepts. To fulfill these tremendous potential many technological barriers however must still be overcome.

Granted that the technological momentum is pushing for the incorporation of nanostructures in devices, integrated circuits (ICs), and systems and that the technology is there to synthesize diminishingly small nanostructures such as nanodots, nanowires, molecules or nanotubes, it becomes obvious that we must now look for ways to take advantage of them in solving pressing issues in electronics, photonics, defense, energy conversion, sensing, and biomedical applications. At UC Davis, we are looking into the basic technological challenges in developing mass-manufacturable fabrication processes for devices and circuits with nanowires, nanodots and organic molecules. We use a Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) reactor to grow Si, SiGe, SiGeC and some III-V and oxide nanowires. With the many methods of synthesizing nanostructures of different materials, size and shape and numerous single device demonstrations, we see the nanodevice research of today as not so much “how to demonstrate a novel application of nanostructures with a single device” but instead “how to develop the massively parallel, manufacturable and reproducible fabrication and incorporation of dense, low-cost nano-device arrays in highly integrated material systems”.

A significant roadblock to wide-scale integration of functional nanowire-based devices is the difficulty in forming contacts to the nanowires. A scheme aimed at integrating nanowires in devices and circuits should be “universal“, compatible with current IC processing methods, and cost-effective. In addition, precise control on the nanowire length, reliable and low contact resistance, and good mechanical robustness will be highly desirable. To date, many reported techniques for fabricating nanowires in controlled and reproducible fashion did not meet most of the above-mentioned requirements and a dramatically new approach is needed for integrating nanowires with conventional circuitry. With our bridging technique, we successfully demonstrated two order of magnitude lower contact resistance than that of any reported work and this is as good as NiSi contacts for planar Si technology. With our collaborators at HP Labs and UC Santa Cruz, we fabricated the fastest nanowire based photodetector with a FWHM of 14ps pulse response. The most attractive feature of this device is the fact that it was fabricated on an anamorphous substrate.

Facilities and Resources

Inano built capabilities in three areas crucial for the projects:(1) Si epitaxial material growth (CVD/MOCVD) capability with a state-of-the-art equipment ( for Si and Ge); (2) extensive experience and resources for device design, modeling, simulation, especially for sensors, photodiodes, transistors, memory, logic and photovoltaic, and (3) device characterization. The Lab has a collection of large number of equipment for the characterization of a wide range of semiconductor devices that broadly fall under four categories: (i) Optoelectronic devices such as quantum photon detectors, (ii) Electrical device such as sensors and transistors for extreme conditions, (iii) High-speed devices and systems such as ultra-fast data receiver, and (iv) Ultra-high vacuum electronics such as charged ions based sensors. The group is also equipped with simulation tools such as COMSOL, Lumerical and several Cadence and Mentor Graphics tools.

DC and high-speed test setup. (A) Digital sampling oscilloscopeand high-speed probe station (B) Fiber based femtosecond laser (FPL) (bottom) Fiber coupled laser source (right bottom) SuperK SELECT multi-line tunable filter (C) SuperK EXTREME supercontinuum lasers for 500-2200nm wavelengths. (D) (down respectively) Calibrated Reference Cell and Meter, Quartz Window Keithley 2400 Digital Source meter and Newport Oriel 69907 Universal Arc Lamp Power Supply (E) Newport 67005 Solar Simulator with 150W power.

The device fabrication is carried out in the Center for Nano and Micro Manufacturing (CNM2) located at UC Davis campus. The CNM2 has a large nano-fabrication facility with a wide range of state-of-the-art semiconductor processing equipment. In addition, the Materials Science Electron Microscopy Center and Spectral Imaging Facility (SIF) in UC Davis provide all kinds of sophisticated characterization equipment such as SEM, HRTEM, EDX, and micro-Raman etc.